Sukawa Onsen Shrine is one of the historical centerpieces of Zao Onsen in Yamagata Prefecture, believed to have been founded around 834-847 during the early Heian period. Historical records dating back to 863 show that the shrine was highly ranked and regionally important even during that period. Emperor Seiwa's "Sandai Jitsuroku" chronicles mention the shrine, noting "Dewa Province 6th Rank, Sukawa Onsen, God 5th Rank, Lower". The exact construction date is unknown, but hot springs were discovered and gods were enshrined before 873.
The shrine serves as the guardian deity of Zao Onsen and combines three shrines into one: Sukawa Onsen Shrine, Zaozan Shrine, and Takiyama Shrine. Four Shinto deities are enshrined here: Okuninushi no Mikoto, Sukuna Hikona no Mikoto, Susanoo no Mikoto, and Kagutsuchi no Kami. The shrine is revered for promoting industry, family safety, eliminating troubles, fulfilling romance, and improving academics. The site has deep connections to Shugendo, a mountain worship tradition combining elements of shamanism, Shinto, and esoteric Buddhism that became popular in the 800s.
Visitors access the shrine via a bright red torii gate at the end of Takayu Street, followed by a long set of stone stairs. Along the ascent, look for a large moss-covered boulder called the "Stone of Strength" weighing nearly 190kg, reportedly lifted by 16-year-old Mogami Yoshiaki in 1561, who later became the 11th lord of Yamagata Castle. Lanterns line both sides of the stairs, decorated with senryu poems—traditional Japanese short verses that depict human nature and satirize society, contrasting with haiku's focus on natural beauty. In midsummer, the steps are lined with blooming hydrangea bushes.
At the first landing sits the Yakushi Shrine, which was the original Sukawa Onsen Shrine but now houses a sacred statue of Yakushi Nyorai (Healing Buddha) sealed inside. This iron Buddha statue dates to the Kamakura period (1185-1333) and is one of three significant Buddhas in Yamagata Prefecture. The current larger shrine was constructed in 1959 on land donated by Takamiya Group, with the old shrine moved across the road and renamed Yakushi Shrine. From the hilltop location, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the onsen town below.
Zao Onsen has a history of more than 1,900 years and is renowned for its abundant hot water from 47 sources producing 8,700 tons daily. The shrine is conveniently located near Kamiyu, the oldest communal bathhouse, positioned directly in front of the shrine's torii gate. The shrine can be accessed on foot by climbing the stairs or by car, which allows visitors to drive directly to the upper level. Admission to the shrine grounds is free.
From Tokyo Station, take the Yamagata Shinkansen (Tsubasa line) for approximately 2.5 hours to Yamagata Station. From Yamagata Station's East Exit, board the Yanako Bus bound for Zao Onsen, which takes about 35 minutes. By car, the shrine is approximately 35 minutes from the Yamagata Zao IC on the Yamagata Expressway. The shrine is located at an altitude of about 880 meters in the southeastern mountains of Yamagata City.
